The origins of the word ‘˜marijuana’ in the US

 

Marijuana grower Joe Rey feeds plants a combination of nutrients and molasses in a flower room at 3-D, Denver’s Discreet Dispensary, Dec. 4, 2013.

Craig F. Walker / The Denver Post via Getty Images

  

Weed all about it: The origins of the word ‘˜marijuana’ in the US


by Alfonso Serrano @serfer6 December 14, 2013 2:59PM ET


How did the drug, once commonly known in the U.S. by its scientific name, cannabis, come to be called marijuana? Topics:


The term “marijuana” enjoys a secure place in the American lexicon. The recent drive to legalize the drug for medicinal purposes has certainly helped loft the word into the mainstream. Marijuana-legalization movements for recreational use in Colorado and Washington state have played a role, too, as has the nascent legalization and decriminalization campaign sweeping through Latin America, most notably in Uruguay.

But throughout the 19th century, Americans used the word “cannabis” when referring to the plant. Pharmaceutical companies like Bristol-Myers Squib and Eli Lilly used cannabis in medicines — widely sold in U.S. pharmacies — to treat insomnia, migraines and rheumatism. From 1840 to 1900, U.S. scientific journals published hundreds of articles touting the therapeutic benefits of cannabis.

So why does the term “marijuana” dominate the discourse in the United Sates, while most people in Europe and large swaths of Latin America refer to the drug as cannabis, the botanical name for the plant?

The answer, in part, is found in the Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910. After the upheaval of the war, scores of Mexican peasants migrated to U.S. border states, taking with them their popular form of intoxication, what they termed “mariguana.”

Upon arrival, they encountered anti-immigrant fears throughout the Southwest — prejudices that intensified after the Great Depression. Analysts say this bigotry played a key role in instituting the first marijuana laws — aimed at placing social controls on the immigrant population.

In an effort to marginalize the new migrant population, the first anti-cannabis laws were targeted at the term “marijuana,” says Amanda Reiman, a policy manager at the Drug Policy Alliance. Scholars say it’s no coincidence that the first U.S. cities to outlaw pot were in border states. It is widely believed that El Paso, Texas, was the first U.S. city to ban cannabis, when it approved a measure in 1914 prohibiting the sale or possession of the drug.

Around the same time, West Indian and Mexican migrants started taking marijuana with them to ports along the Gulf of Mexico — most notably New Orleans, where the media began associating cannabis use with jazz musicians, blacks and prostitutes. Media outlets across the country helped fuel the hysteria, churning out headlines like “Loco weed now cultivated and smoked in cigarettes” and “Murder weed found up and down coast.” By the early 1930s, 29 states had banned marijuana.

But nobody played a larger role in cementing the word in the national consciousness than Harry Anslinger, director of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics from 1930 to 1962. An outspoken critic of the drug, he set out in the 1930s to place a federal ban on cannabis, embarking on a series of public appearances across the country.

Anslinger is often referred to as the great racist of the war on drugs, says John Collins, coordinator of the LSE IDEAS International Drug Policy Project in London.

Collins is not certain if Anslinger truly was a bigot. “But he knew that he had to play up people’s fears in order to get federal legislation passed,” Collins said. “So when talking to senators with large immigrant populations, it very much helped to portray drugs as something external, something that is invading the U.S. He would use the term ‘marijuana’ knowing that it sounds Hispanic, it sounds foreign.”

Anslinger reportedly kept files on jazz musicians titled “Marijuana and Musicians,” and monitored band mates who played alongside Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington, among others. And he began his federal campaign against the drug by publishing a report titled “Marijuana: Assassin of Youth” in 1937.

That year, Anslinger testified before Congress in favor of marijuana prohibition.

“Marijuana is the most violence-causing drug in the history of mankind,” he said during testimony. “Most marijuana smokers are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos and entertainers. Their satanic music, jazz and swing, result from marijuana usage."

Anslinger’s crusade succeeded. In 1937 Congress approved the Marijuana Tax Act, which criminalized pot possession throughout the United States.

U.S. perceptions of marijuana is coming full circle, especially as states increasingly recognize the plant’s medicinal benefits. The U.S. public has played a role too, as polls show that a majority of Americans favor marijuana legalization.

And Americans have helped in that transformation — to make cannabis their own. “Marijuana,” after all, does sound foreign and strange, with its multiple syllables. Instead, many prefer the more colloquial, monosyllabic words “pot,” “weed,” “grass,” “herb,” “smoke” and “dope.”

The rest of the world has followed suit, in apparent defiance of the U.S.-imposed word “marijuana.” Mexicans, for example, have adopted the terms “mota,” “pasto” and “gallo.” In the rest of Latin America, names range from “chala” in Argentina to “tobareto” and “grifa” in Ecuador and “hierba” in Venezuela. In Spain, “Maria” is a popular term, while the French, in an apparent nod to the U.S., often use “Marie Jeanne.”

Marijuana

U.S.

DEA 

Source: http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/12/14/weed-all-about-ittheoriginsofthewordamarijuanaaintheus.html

Surprising Things That Can Damage Your Liver

Alcohol and acetaminophen are not the only culprits ...

Sugar

Too much sugar isn’t just bad for your teeth. It can harm your liver, too. The organ uses one type of sugar, called fructose, to create fat. Too much refined sugar and high-fructose corn syrup cause a fatty buildup that can lead to liver disease. Some studies show that sugar can be as damaging to the liver as alcohol, even if you’re not overweight. One more reason to limit foods with added sugars, like soda, pastries, and candy.

MSG (Monosodium Glutamate)

MSG enhances the flavor of many packaged and prepared foods, from chips to diet drinks. (You might see it on a food label as “hydrolyzed vegetable protein,” “yeast extract,” or “soy extract.”) Still, some studies of animals suggest that the chemical may make the liver fatty and inflamed, which can lead to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver cancer. Scientists need more research to know if MSG affects humans the same way.

Comfrey

Comfrey is a shrub found in Europe and Asia. Its leaves have a chemical that reduces swelling and keeps skin healthy, so you can find it in some pain-relieving creams. But comfrey also has substances that harm the liver. Don’t use a product that has it for more than 10 days at a time or for more than 6 weeks total in a year. Apply only very small amounts, and never put it on broken skin.

Herbal Supplements

Just because the label says “natural” doesn’t mean it’s safe. One serious danger is kava kava, an herb that can relieve menopause symptoms and help you relax. Studies show it can keep the liver from working, causing hepatitis and liver failure. Some countries have banned or restricted the herb, but it’s still available in the U.S. You should always talk to your doctor before you take any herbs to make sure they’re safe.

Obesity

If you’re carrying around extra weight, fat can also build up in your liver cells, which can lead to NAFLD. It can make the liver swell. Over time, hardened scar tissue can replace healthy tissue (a condition doctors call cirrhosis). People who are overweight or obese, middle-aged, or have diabetes are at highest risk of NAFLD. There’s no cure, but eating well and exercise can sometimes reverse the disease.

Too Much Vitamin A

You can find vitamin A in eggs and milk as well as fresh fruits and vegetables, especially those that are red, orange, and yellow. Many supplements also include it since it helps improve vision, strengthen bones, and give a boost to your immune system.  But in very high doses, vitamin A is toxic to the liver. To stay safe, never take more than 10,000 IU a day.

Unsterile Tattoos

When you get a tattoo or body piercing in a licensed, clean shop that sterilizes its equipment after each customer, the chances you’ll get a serious infection like hepatitis C are low. But if tools aren’t properly cleaned, your risk of hep C shoots up. The virus spreads through contact with the blood of an infected person and causes serious, sometimes lifelong liver illness. Check out the shop and its safety record before you get inked. 

Soft Drinks

Scientists studied the diets of a group of people with NAFLD, taking into account their weight, the amount of fat in their blood, and if they had diabetes. One thing stood out: 80% of them drank 2 or more soft drinks a day. It didn’t matter if it was calorie-free or regular soda, which means an ingredient besides sugar could play a role in the condition. There’s no hard evidence, but some researchers think artificial sweeteners might be to blame.

Antidepressants

It’s rare, but some antidepressants can harm your liver, even if you take them for only a few days. In some cases, the damage can be deadly. Older people or anyone taking a lot of other meds are at higher risk because their liver may be damaged already. If you’re taking antidepressants, talk with your doctor to make sure you’re on the smallest dose you need. Make sure you know the symptoms of liver illness to watch for.

 

http://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/ss/slideshow-surprising-liver-damage?ecd=wnl_men_040815&ctr=wnl-men-040815_nsl-promo_1&mb=%2fYEUKcm5jBiihqPGg%2fPGD2dEpmNqbUHLAOXXq3hWp98%3d

Herbal Supplements

What's in Those Supplements?

By ANAHAD O'CONNOR

New York's attorney general said that tests on popular store brands of herbal supplements at Walmart, Walgreens, Target and GNC found that roughly four out of five of the products contained none of the herbs listed on the labels.

Source: NYTimes.com 

Tom Hanks, Diabetes and YoYo Dieting

Tom Hanks has had high blood sugar levels on and off since he was 36 years old, and he was diagnosed as being diabetic in 2013 at age 57. A major cause of his diabetes was having to gain or lose large amounts of weight for films, such as Oscar-winning “Castaway” in 2000 and “A League Of Their Own” in 1992. 

He plans never again to take roles that require drastic weight change and has stated publicly, “I’ve talked to a number of actors who have gained weight for roles and — just out of the sheer physical toll on one’s knees and shoulders — no one wants to do it again.” 

Other stars who have become diabetic include Halle Berry, Paula Deen, Larry King, Nick Jonas and Sherri Sheppard. Hanks used pizza as his main food to gain weight, with huge amounts of fat from cheese and other toppings, and sugar from the flour crust.

How Gaining and Losing Weight Can Lead to Diabetes

Every time you lose weight, you lose both fat and muscle. However, when you gain weight by overeating, you gain only fat. So with every rise or drop in weight, you are fatter than you were previously.

Having excess fat in your liver causes high blood sugar levels, a condition that affects more than 50 percent of North Americans. 

You can find out if you have a fatty liver with a simple, safe and relatively inexpensive test called a liver sonogram. Your liver controls your blood sugar levels. When blood sugar levels rise, your pancreas releases insulin into your bloodstream. 

Insulin drives sugar from your bloodstream into your liver. When your blood sugar level drops too low, your liver releases sugar from its cells into the bloodstream. 

However, when you have a fatty liver, your liver cannot accept sugar from your bloodstream. Instead it releases sugar from its cells to raise blood sugar levels even higher.

What Causes a Fatty Liver?

High rises in blood sugar causes fat to be deposited in your liver. When blood sugar levels rise, your liver can use the sugar immediately for energy or store a small amount in your liver and muscles. All the remaining sugar is converted to a fat called triglycerides, a small amount is used for energy and the rest is stored in cells in your body, primarily the liver. 

As you keep on getting high rises in blood sugar, more and more fat is stored in your liver until you have so much fat in your liver that your liver stops accepting sugar from your bloodstream to cause blood sugar levels to rise very high, leading to diabetes.

When blood sugar levels rise too high, sugar can stick to the outer membranes of every type of cell in your body. There the sugar is converted by a series of chemical reactions to sorbitol which destroys the cell. This is how high blood sugar levels can cause dementia, heart attacks, arteriosclerosis, strokes, impotence, certain cancers and all of the other consequences of diabetes.

What You Can Learn from Tom Hanks
• Avoid overweight and yoyo dieting
• Eat lots of vegetables and fruits
• Avoid sugared drinks and sugar-added foods, and restrict other refined carbohydrates such as foods made from flour (bakery products, pastas)
• Avoid red meat (blocks insulin receptors).
• Avoid fried foods (contain Advanced Glycation End products that raise blood sugar levels)
• Exercise (converts sugar to energy instead of storing it in your body primarily as fat)
• Keep blood levels of hydroxy vitamin D above 75 nmol/L (low levels of vitamin D block insulin receptors)

Tom Hanks
Born July 9, 1956
Tags: diabetes
Category: Health Fitness & Nutrition

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Tom Hanks, Diabetes and YoYo Dieting:

Link: http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/978963-tom-hanks-diabetes-and-yoyo-dieting/

Homeopathy is Nonsense

Why homeopathy is nonsense 

Apr 1st 2014, 23:50 BY C.H. | NEW YORK

VISIT any health shop and you are likely to see them: packages of homeopathic remedies claiming to cure whatever ails you, from coughs and fever to insomnia and asthma. 

Flip the package of medicine, however, and you may be confused by the listed ingredients. 

Some claim to contain crushed bees, stinging nettles and even arsenic, as well as sugars such as lactose and sucrose. Americans spend some $3 billion a year on homeopathic medicines. What are they thinking?

The history of homeopathy — literally, "similar suffering"—dates to the late 18th century. 

Samuel Hahnemann, a German doctor, was unimpressed by contemporary medicine, with good reason. Doctors used leeches to let blood and hot plasters to bring on blisters, which were then drained. In 1790 Hahnemann developed a fever that transformed his career. 

After swallowing powder from the bark of a cinchona tree, he saw his temperature rise. Cinchona bark contains quinine, which was already known to treat malaria. 

Hahnemann considered the facts: cinchona seemed to give him a fever; fever is a symptom of malaria; and cinchona treats malaria. 

He then made an acrobatic leap of logic: medicines bring on the same symptoms in healthy people as they cure in sick ones. Find a substance that induces an illness and it might treat that illness in another.

Hahnemann then decided that ingredients should be diluted and shaken repeatedly, a process called "potentiation". The smaller the amount of the active ingredient, the more powerful the medicine would become, he believed. 

Homeopathic remedies use various bits of terminology to convey their supposedly potency. One common designation is "NC", where C signifies that a substance is diluted by a ratio of 1:100 and N stands for the number of times the substance has been diluted. 

So a dilution of 200C would mean that one gram of a substance had been diluted within 100 grams of water, with the process repeated 200 times. At this dilution not a single molecule of the original substance remains. 

Most homeopathic pills are made entirely of sugar. However, the pills are supposed to retain a "memory" of the original substance.

This is bunk. 

Studying homeopathy is difficult, points out the world’s biggest funder of medical research, America’s National Institutes of Health (NIH), because it is hard to examine the effects of a medicine when that medicine has little or no active ingredient. 

Researchers can neither confirm that the medicine contains what it claims to nor show the chemical effect of the diluted medicine within the body. 

The most comprehensive review of homeopathy was published in 2005 in the Lancet, a medical journal. Researchers compared trials of homeopathic and conventional medicines. 

In the bigger, well-designed trials, there was "no convincing evidence" that homeopathy was more effective than a placebo, they found. 

Meanwhile, in similar trials of conventional drugs, medicines showed specific clinical effects. As the NIH dryly notes: 

"several key concepts of homeopathy are inconsistent with fundamental concepts of chemistry and physics."



Dig deeper:

A homeopathic remedy is recalled—for containing medicine (March 2014)
Alternative therapies are increasingly mainstream (Dec 2012)
Why the placebo effect can occasionally be effective (May 2011)

source: The Economist ‏@EconBizFin  Dec 23

The Economist explains: Why homeopathy is nonsense http

econ.st/13WCgDE 

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New Nutrition Guidelines

OP-ED | MARK BITTMAN

How Should We Eat?

By MARK BITTMAN

Food-industry representatives hate the recommendations in a new nutrition-panel report - a good indicator of its value - but they should become policy.

Product Labels

Eat This, Not That!Verified account‏@EatThisNotThat

If you see any of these eight ingredients on a product's label, strike it from your grocery list immediately: http://bit.ly/1uznQyP 

Eat This, Not That!Verified account
@EatThisNotThat
The no-diet weight loss solution! Learn thousands of easy food swaps that can save you 10, 20, 30 pounds—or more!
New York, NY
eatthis.com
Joined April 2009

William S Burroughs - The.Junky's Christmas.

Uploaded on Jan 25, 2011

Fantastic narration by Burroughs about Danny, a poor unfortunate junkie who reveals his last remains of selflessness and humanity despite his urgent physical predicament.

The Junky's Christmas is a story by William S. Burroughs. It appears in the 1989 collection Interzone and on the 1993 album Spare Ass Annie and Other Tales. It was also made into a 1993 short claymation film directed by Nick Donkin and Melodie McDaniel. The film was produced by Francis Ford Coppola and was released by Koch Vision on DVD in North America on Nov. 21, 2006. Burroughs narrates the film and appears in live-action footage at the beginning and end of the film.

• Music

William S. Burroughs (1914-1997)  Back to William S. Burroughs  The Junky's Christmas (1993) Runtime: 21 min Language: English Country: USA Color: Black and White Director: Nick Donkin & Melodie McDaniel Cast: William S. Burroughs ... Narrator (voice)  Description: Burroughs takes down a book and reads us the story of Danny the Carwiper, who spends  Christmas Day trying to score a fix, but finds the Christmas spirit instead.  Francis Ford Coppola produced this short Claymation film based on William S. Burroughs excellent  story The Junky's Christmas. Directed by Nick Donkin and Melodie McDaniel, it opens with live action  footage of Burroughs as he begins his tale:  It was Christmas Day and Danny the Car Wiper hit the street junksick and broke after seventy-two  hours in the precinct jail. It was a clear bright day, but there was warmth in the sun. Danny shivered  with an inner cold. He turned up the collar of his worn, greasy black overcoat. This beat benny wouldn't  pawn for a deuce, he thought.  Link: http://youtu.be/u6kHN92Yv48

The obesogen hypothesis

J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2011;14(5-7):423-48. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578561.

The obesogen hypothesis: a shift of focus from the periphery to the hypothalamus.

Decherf S¹, Demeneix BA.

Author information

Abstract

The obesogen concept proposes that environmental contaminants may be contributing to the epidemic of obesity and its related pathology, metabolic disorder. 


The first references to such a notion appeared at the beginning of the current decade, with the hypothesis that the correlation between increasing incidence of obesity and enhanced industrial chemical production was not simply coincidental, but potentially causally related. 

The next event was the introduction of the term "obesogen" as representing an environmental pollutant that adversely affects various aspects of adipose tissue functions. 

More recently, the concept was extended to include substances that may modify metabolic balance at the central, hypothalamic level. 

The actions of two prime candidate obesogens, tributyltin (TBT) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), acting at the central level are the main focus of this review. 

Having discussed the evidence for contaminant accumulation in the environment and in human tissues and the potential mechanisms of action, data are provided showing that these two widespread pollutants modify hypothalamic gene regulations. 

Our studies are based on maternal exposure and measurement of effects in the progeny, mainly based on in vivo gene reporter assays. Such models are obviously pertinent to testing current hypotheses that propose that early exposure might exert effects on later development and physiological functions. 

The potential molecular mechanisms involved are discussed, as are the broader physiological consequences of these hypothalamic dysregulations.

PMID:

21790320

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Sugar Sins

CANDY CRUSHED

John Oliver’s takedown of the sugar industry is pretty sweet

By Sara Bernard

27 Oct 2014 8:17 PM    

Last night, John Oliver’s Last Week Tonight got a jump start on this week’s news: SUGAR!!! (Brought to you by the makers of Halloween™.) And instead of making fun of obese, diabetic, candy-gobbling Americans — which is easy, considering that we’ll spend a total of $2.2 billion on the stuff this Halloween — he slammed the high-powered industry behind those spooky diabetes and obesity rates.

For a treat, Oliver offers up a video clip of the sleepy president of The Sugar Association, for instance, arguing that there’s been “plenty of science that exonerates sugar, that clarifies sugar does not contribute to obesity or diabetes.” Problem is, as Oliver points out, what little of such science there is usually comes from researchers who are paid gobs of money by totally unbiased groups like the Corn Refiners Association.

These kinds of groups are precisely the ones battling a new FDA proposal for an “added sugar” label, too, given how freaking much sugar is snuck into regular, non-Halloweeny foods. (“Look at Clamato juice,” Oliver says. “‘The Original Tomato Cocktail With Clam.’ They clearly thought, ‘Let’s improve the taste by adding sugar.’ Instead of thinking, ‘Let’s improve the taste by removing the clam.'”)

Point is, this clip is awesome, and we heart you, too, John Oliver — especially for that brutally honest description of the circus peanut.

Source:
Watch John Oliver Take on the Sugar Industry Just in Time for Halloween, Slate.
Sugar, Last Week Tonight with John Oliver.

Source:http://grist.org/list/john-olivers-takedown-of-the-sugar-industry-is-pretty-sweet/

Bernard Hopkins’ Diet is the real secret to his longevity

At 49, boxer Bernard Hopkins is fighting age — and winning

IBF Light Heavyweight Champ Bernard Hopkins, 49, is next scheduled to fight Sergey Kovalev, 31, at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey on November 8th. Kovalev is currently undefeated with an impressive 25-0-1 record with 23 KO’s while Hopkins, 55-6-2-2, is coming off a string of unforeseen victories.



Hopkins has won his last 3 fights against fighters who were all in their early 30’s capturing, then defending and defending again a Light Heavyweight championship. Before his bout with Jean Pascal in 2011, Pascal suggested that Hopkins’ extraordinarily long-time dominance of the sport is the result of performance-enhancing drugs.



Hopkins has never failed a drug test but has said that his low-carb, organic diet serves as his enhancement.



It has been noted that while Hopkins was jailed at the age of 18, for 5 years, he adapted to eating jail house portions, working out and not drinking and smoking. This discipline appears to have stuck with him, he tells Dave Golokhov of AskMen, “I don’t have no damn cook. I don’t need that. I decided about eating a long time ago when I was in prison how to eat, and I learned how to discipline myself.



I learned how to eat by watching different people, different shows, learning as I went, and I knew that certain things ain't good for you but whether you can stay away from them is another battle.



 So I understand that even dairy — when you get to a certain age — isn't good for you, so I realized that if I can find the best things to give me the best energy and the best vitamins for my body, then I’d be better off.



After he left prison, he continued to remove sweets, alcohol, pizza and soda from his diet. He also tells Dave Golokhov, “You know, it’s not cheap to live healthy. So, for me, it’s not about a cook or a diet, it’s about a way of life and a way to live.”



Today, Hopkins mostly cooks for himself using only organic, low-carb foods and nothing processed or fried. Instead he leans towards egg whites, fish and vegetables. He eats red meat only when in training. This is a big reason why that t 49 years of age, he is the oldest boxer ever to win and defend a world title.



Hopkins smoked marijuana and consumed alcohol before he was even in his teens but he is proof that at any age, anyone can be in championship shape if they commit to a drug and alcohol free lifestyle and a healthy diet, free of sugar and processed foods, which is not easy by any stretch of the imagination. "

Bernard Hopkins’ Diet Makes Him Ready For Sergey Kovalev:

Source: http://www.scifighting.com/2014/10/07/34967/bernard-hopkins-diet-makes-ready-sergey-kovalev/

Beverage Calories

Wall Street Journal ‏@WSJ  1m

Coke, Pepsi and Dr. Pepper pledge to cut beverage calories in the U.S. by 20% by 2025. http://on.wsj.com/1tXnR2N 

 

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